Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera, is a small shrub in the nightshade family that grows across India, the Middle East and parts of Africa. Its name comes from Sanskrit and refers to the horse-like smell of the fresh root. It is sometimes called Indian ginseng or winter cherry, although it is not related to true ginseng.
In Ayurveda the root has been used for thousands of years as a rasayana, a restorative herb, and it is traditionally used to help the body adapt to stress and to support calm and restful sleep. Its compounds of interest are withanolides. Researchers have studied root extracts in small trials looking at stress and sleep, with some promising findings, but it has no authorised health claim.
On labels you will see ashwagandha root powder, Withania somnifera root extract, or branded extracts such as KSM-66, a root-only extract standardised to withanolides. Root-only extracts are preferred over those including leaves, and the withanolide percentage is the best way to compare products.